Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
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Introduction
The Editor and Editorial Board
Foreword
Preface
Current Contributors
Historical Figures in Chemistry and Physics
Basic Constants, Units, Conversion Factors
CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants: 2014
Standard Atomic Weights
Atomic Masses and Abundances
Electron Configuration and Ionization Energy of Neutral Atoms in the Ground State
International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90)
Conversion of Temperatures from the 1948 and 1968 Scales to ITS-90
International System of Units (SI)
Units For Magnetic Properties
Conversion Factors
Conversion of Temperatures
Conversion Factors for Energy Units
Conversion Factors for Pressure Units
Conversion Factors for Thermal Conductivity Units
Conversion Factors for Electrical Resistivity Units
Conversion Formulas for Concentration of Solutions
Descriptive Terms for Solubility
Conversion Factors for Chemical Kinetics
Conversion Factors for Ionizing Radiation
Values of the Gas Constant in Different Unit Systems
Periodic Table of the Elements
Symbols, Terminology, and Nomenclature
Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities
Expression of Uncertainty of Measurements
Nomenclature for Chemical Compounds
Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry
Organic Substituent Groups and Ring Systems
Representation of Chemical Structures with the IUPAC International Chemical Identifier (InChI)
Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols
Greek, Hebrew, and Russian Alphabets
Definitions of Scientific Terms
Thermodynamic Functions and Relations
Nobel Laureates in Chemistry and Physics
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
Diamagnetic Susceptibility of Selected Organic Compounds
Properties of the Elements & Inorganics
The Elements
Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds
Physical Properties of the Rare Earth Metals
Melting, Boiling, Triple, and Critical Points of the Elements
Heat Capacity of the Elements at 25 ºC
Vapor Pressure of the Metallic Elements - Equations
Vapor Pressure of the Metallic Elements - Data
Density of Molten Elements and Representative Salts
Magnetic Susceptibility of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds
Index of Refraction of Inorganic Liquids
Physical and Optical Properties of Minerals
Crystallographic Data on Minerals
Thermo, Electro & Solution Chemistry
CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics
Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances
Thermodynamic Properties as a Function of Temperature
Thermodynamic Properties of Aqueous Ions
Heat of Combustion
Energy Content of Fuels
Ionization Constant of Water
Ionization Constant of Normal and Heavy Water
Electrical Conductivity of Water
Electrical Conductivity of Aqueous Solutions
Standard KCl Solutions for Calibrating Conductivity Cells
Molar Conductivity of Aqueous HF, HCl, HBr, and HI
Equivalent Conductivity of Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution
Ionic Conductivity and Diffusion at Infinite Dilution
Electrochemical Series
Reduction and Oxidation Potentials for Certain Ion Radicals
Dissociation Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases
Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases
Activity Coefficients of Acids, Bases, and Salts
Mean Activity Coefficients of Electrolytes as a Function of Concentration
Enthalpy of Dilution of Acids
Enthalpy of Solution of Electrolytes
Enthalpy of Hydration of Gases
pH Scale for Aqueous Solutions
Buffer Solutions Giving Round Values of pH at 25 °C
Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity
Solubility of Selected Gases in Water
Solubility of Carbon Dioxide in Water at Various Temperatures and Pressures
Aqueous Solubility and Henry's Law Constants of Organic Compounds
Aqueous Solubility of Inorganic Compounds at Various Temperatures
Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients
Solubility Product Constants of Inorganic Salts
Solubility of Common Salts at Ambient Temperatures
Solubility of Hydrocarbons in Seawater
Solubility of Organic Compounds in Pressurized Hot Water
Solubility Chart for Inorganic Salts
Fluid Properties
Thermophysical Properties of Water and Steam
Vapor Pressure and Other Saturation Properties of Water
Standard Density of Water
Fixed-Point Properties of H₂O and D₂O
Properties of Saturated Liquid D₂O
Properties of Ice and Supercooled Water
Vapor Pressure of Ice
Melting Point of Ice as a Function of Pressure
Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Water at Various Frequencies
Thermophysical Properties of Air
Thermophysical Properties of Fluids
Thermophysical Properties of Selected Fluids at Saturation
Virial Coefficients of Selected Gases
Mean Free Path and Related Properties of Gases
Influence of Pressure on Freezing Points
Critical Constants of Organic Compounds
Critical Constants of Inorganic Compounds
Sublimation Pressure of Solids
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure of Fluids at Temperatures below 300 K
Vapor Pressure of Saturated Salt Solutions
Recommended Data for Vapor-Pressure Calibration
Enthalpy of Vaporization
Enthalpy of Fusion
Compressibility and Expansion Coefficients of Liquids
Temperature and Pressure Dependence of Liquid Density
Volumetric Properties of Aqueous Sodium Chloride Solutions
Properties of Cryogenic Fluids
Properties of Liquid Helium
Properties of Refrigerants
Properties of Gas Clathrate Hydrates
Ionic Liquids
Density and Specific Volume of Mercury
Thermal Properties of Mercury
Melting Curve of Mercury
Vapor Pressure of Mercury
Surface Tension of Common Liquids
Surface Tension of Aqueous Mixtures
Surface Active Chemicals (Surfactants)
Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Liquids
Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Gases
Azeotropic Data for Binary Mixtures
Viscosity of Gases
Viscosity of Liquids
Viscosity of Carbon Dioxide Along the Saturation Line
Viscosity and Density of Aqueous Hydroxide Solutions
Viscosity of Liquid Metals
Thermal Conductivity of Gases
Thermal Conductivity of Liquids
Diffusion in Gases
Diffusion of Gases in Water
Diffusion Coefficients in Liquids at Infinite Dilution
Biochemistry
Properties of Amino Acids
Structures of Common Amino Acids
Properties of Purine and Pyrimidine Bases
The Genetic Code
Properties of Fatty Acids and their Methyl Esters
Properties of Fatty Acid Methyl And Ethyl Esters Related to Biofuels
Composition and Properties of Common Oils and Fats
Carbohydrate Names and Symbols
Standard Transformed Gibbs Energies of Formation for Biochemical Reactants
Apparent Equilibrium Constants for Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions
Apparent Equilibrium Thermodynamics of Protein-Ligand Binding Reactions
Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ionization Reactions of Buffers in Water
Biological Buffers
Typical pH Values of Biological Materials and Foods
Properties and Functions of Common Drugs
Chemical Constituents of Human Blood
Chemical Composition of the Human Body
Nutrient Values of Foods
Analytical Chemistry
Abbreviations and Symbols Used in Analytical Chemistry
Basic Instrumental Techniques of Analytical Chemistry
Analytical Standardization and Calibration
Figures of Merit
Mass- and Volume-Based Concentration Units
Detection of Outliers in Measurements
Properties of Carrier Gases for Gas Chromatography
Common Symbols Used in Gas and Liquid Chromatographic Schematic Diagrams
Stationary Phases for Porous-Layer Open Tubular Columns
Coolants for Cryotrapping
Properties of Common Cross-Linked Silicone Stationary Phases
Detectors for Gas Chromatography
Varieties of Hyphenated Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry
Solid-Phase Microextraction Sorbents
Gas Chromatographic Retention Indices
Eluotropic Values of Solvents on Octadecylsilane and Octylsilane
Instability of HPLC Solvents
Detectors for Liquid Chromatography
Solvents for Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry
Correlation Table for Ultraviolet Active Functionalities
Middle-Range Infrared Absorption Correlation Charts
Common Spurious Infrared Absorption Bands
Nuclear Spins, Moments, and Other Data Related to NMR Spectroscopy
Properties of Important NMR Nuclei
Proton NMR Absorption of Major Chemical Families
Proton NMR Correlation Chart for Major Organic Functional Groups
Proton NMR Shifts of Common Organic Liquids
Proton Chemical Shifts of Contaminants in Deuterated Solvents
¹³C-NMR Absorption of Major Functional Groups
¹³C-NMR Chemical Shifts of Common Organic Solvents
¹⁵N-NMR Chemical Shifts of Major Chemical Families
Natural Abundance of Important Isotopes
Common Mass Spectral Fragmentation Patterns of Organic Compound Families
Common Mass Spectral Fragments Lost
Major Reference Masses in the Spectrum of Heptacosafluorotributylamine (Perfluorotributylamine)
Mass Spectral Peaks of Common Organic Liquids
Common Spurious Signals Observed in Mass Spectrometers
Chlorine–Bromine Combination Isotope Intensities in Mass Spectral Patterns
Reduction of Weighings in Air to Vacuo
Standards for Laboratory Weights
Indicators for Acids and Bases
Preparation of Special Analytical Reagents
Organic Analytical Reagents for the Determination of Inorganic Ions
Precipitation of Sulfides
pH Range for Precipitation of Metal Hydroxides and Oxides
Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy
Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds
Bond Lengths in Organometallic Compounds
Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase
Characteristic Bond Lengths in Free Molecules
Atomic Radii of the Elements
Dipole Moments
Hindered Internal Rotation
Bond Dissociation Energies
Electronegativity
Force Constants for Bond Stretching
Fundamental Vibrational Frequencies of Small Molecules
Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules
Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics
Line Spectra of the Elements
Atomic Transition Probabilities
Electron Affinities
Proton Affinities
Polarizabilities of Atoms and Molecules
Ionization Energies of Atoms and Atomic Ions
Ionization Energies of Gas-Phase Molecules
X-Ray Atomic Energy Levels
Electron Binding Energies of the Elements
Natural Width of X-Ray Lines
Photon Attenuation Coefficients
Classification of Electromagnetic Radiation
Sensitivity of the Human Eye to Light of Different Wavelengths
Blackbody Radiation
Characteristics of Infrared Detectors
Index of Refraction of Inorganic Crystals
Refractive Index and Transmittance of Representative Glasses
Index of Refraction of Water
Index of Refraction of Liquids for Calibration Purposes
Index of Refraction of Air
Index of Refraction of Gases
Characteristics of Laser Sources
Infrared Laser Frequencies
Infrared and Far-Infrared Absorption Frequency Standards
Nuclear and Particle Physics
Summary Tables of Particle Properties
Table of the Isotopes
Neutron Scattering and Absorption Properties
Cosmic Radiation
Properties of Solids
Techniques for Materials Characterization
Symmetry of Crystals
Ionic Radii in Crystals
Polarizabilities of Atoms and Ions in Solids
Crystal Structures and Lattice Parameters of Allotropes of the Elements
Phase Transitions in the Solid Elements at Atmospheric Pressure
Lattice Energies
The Madelung Constant and Crystal Lattice Energy
Elastic Constants of Single Crystals
Electrical Resistivity of Pure Metals
Electrical Resistivity of Selected Alloys
Electrical Resistivity of Graphite Materials
Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Inorganic Solids
Curie Temperature of Selected Ferroelectric Crystals
Properties of Antiferroelectric Crystals
Dielectric Constants of Glasses
Properties of Superconductors
High-Temperature Superconductors
Organic Superconductors
Properties of Semiconductors
Selected Properties of Semiconductor Solid Solutions
Properties of Organic Semiconductors
Diffusion Data for Semiconductors
Properties of Magnetic Materials
Organic Magnets
Electron Inelastic Mean Free Paths
Electron Stopping Powers
Electron Work Function of the Elements
Secondary Electron Emission
Optical Properties of Selected Elements
Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids
Elasto-Optic, Electro-Optic, and Magneto-Optic Constants
Nonlinear Optical Constants
Phase Diagrams
Properties of Selected Materials at Cryogenic Temperatures
Heat Capacity of Selected Solids
Thermal and Physical Properties of Pure Metals
Thermophysical Properties of Stainless Steel 310
Thermal Conductivity of Metals and Semiconductors as a Function of Temperature
Thermal Conductivity of Alloys as a Function of Temperature
Thermal Conductivity of Crystalline Dielectrics
Thermal Conductivity of Ceramics and Other Insulating Materials
Thermal Conductivity of Glasses
Thermoelectric Properties of Metals and Semiconductors
Fermi Energy and Related Properties of Metals
Properties of Commercial Metals and Alloys
Hardness of Minerals and Ceramics
Polymer Properties
Abbreviations Used in Polymer Science and Technology
Physical Properties of Selected Polymers
Nomenclature for Organic Polymers
Solvents for Common Polymers
Glass Transition Temperature for Selected Polymers
Dielectric Constant of Selected Polymers
Second Virial Coefficients of Polymer Solutions
Pressure-Volume-Temperature Relationships for Polymer Melts
Upper Critical (UCST) and Lower Critical (LCST) Solution Temperatures of Binary Polymer Solutions
Vapor Pressures (Solvent Activities) for Binary Polymer Solutions
Specific Enthalpies of Solution of Polymers and Copolymers
Solubility Parameters of Selected Polymers
Geophysics, Astronomy, and Acoustics
Astronomical Constants
Properties of the Solar System
Satellites of the Planets
Interstellar Molecules
Mass, Dimensions, and Other Parameters of the Earth
Geological Time Scale
Acceleration Due to Gravity
Density, Pressure, and Gravity as a Function of Depth within the Earth
Ocean Pressure as a Function of Depth and Latitude
Properties of Seawater
Abundance of Elements in the Earth's Crust and in the Sea
Solar Irradiance at the Earth
U.S. Standard Atmosphere (1976)
Geographical and Seasonal Variations in Solar Radiation
Major World Earthquakes
Weather-Related Scales
Infrared Absorption by the Earth's Atmosphere
Atmospheric Concentration of Carbon Dioxide, 1959-2016
Global Temperature Trend, 1880-2016
Global Warming Potential of Greenhouse Gases
Atmospheric Electricity
Speed of Sound in Various Media
Attenuation and Speed of Sound in Air as a Function of Humidity and Frequency
Speed of Sound in Dry Air
Musical Scales
Characteristics of Human Hearing
Practical Laboratory Data
Standard ITS-90 Thermocouple Tables
Reference Points on the ITS-90 Temperature Scale
Relative Sensitivity of Bayard-Alpert Ionization Gauges to Various Gases
Laboratory Solvents and Other Liquid Reagents
Miscibility of Organic Solvents
Density of Solvents as a Function of Temperature
Dependence of Boiling Point on Pressure
Ebullioscopic Constants for Calculation of Boiling Point Elevation
Cryoscopic Constants for Calculation of Freezing Point Depression
Freezing Point Lowering by Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution
Correction of Barometer Readings to 0 °C Temperature
Determination of Relative Humidity from Dew Point
Determination of Relative Humidity from Wet and Dry Bulb Temperatures
Constant Humidity Solutions
Standard Salt Solutions for Humidity Calibration
Low-Temperature Baths for Maintaining Constant Temperature
Metals and Alloys with Low Melting Temperature
Wire Tables
Standard Fittings for Compressed Gas Cylinders
Plug and Outlet Configurations for Common Laboratory Devices
Characteristics of Particles and Particle Dispersoids
Density of Various Solids
Density of Sulfuric Acid
Density of Ethanol-Water Mixtures
Dielectric Strength of Insulating Materials
Coefficient of Friction
Flame Temperatures
Allocation of Frequencies in the Radio Spectrum
Health and Safety Information
Abbreviations Used in the Assessment and Presentation of Laboratory Hazards
Incompatible Chemicals
Explosion (Shock) Hazards
Water-Reactive Chemicals
Testing Requirements for Peroxidizable Compounds
Tests for the Presence of Peroxides
Pyrophoric Compounds - Compounds That Are Reactive with Air
Flammability Hazards of Common Solvents
Selection of Laboratory Gloves
Selection of Protective Laboratory Garments
Selection of Respirator Cartridges and Filters
Materials Compatible with and Resistant to 72 Percent Perchloric Acid
Protective Clothing Levels
Chemical Fume Hoods and Biological Safety Cabinets
Gas Cylinder Safety and Stamped Markings
Flammability of Chemical Substances
Nanomaterial Safety Guidelines
Threshold Limits for Airborne Contaminants
Laser Hazards in the Laboratory
General Characteristics of Ionizing Radiation for the Purpose of Practical Application of Radiation Protection
Radiation Safety Units
Relative Dose Ranges from Ionizing Radiation
Annual Limits on Intakes of Radionuclides
Chemical Carcinogens
Appendix A: Mathematical Tables
Constants
Algebra
Geometry
Trigonometry
Calculus
Series
Transforms
Special Functions
Probability
Physics Related
References
Appendix B: Sources Of Physical And Chemical Data
Sources of Physical and Chemical Data
Help Manual
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98th Edition
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